Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Example

Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Example Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Associating Theory, Research, and Practice: Risk-Assessments and Child Protection. The primary end of this paper was to broaden my cognition and understanding around the theory, research, policies, and processs steering risk-assessment determination devising within child protection service. Persons and group identified as at-risk- , for one or more countless grounds have been the wide focal point of a decennary s worth of academic and professional purists. Although the initial concern for all at-risk person remains, practical and academic experiences have narrowed the range to include kids under the age of 12, at risk- of, or presently shacking out-of-home-care arrangements ( afterlife referred to as attention environments ) . Of all at-risk- populations, I believe these kids are the most vulnerable to negative results in the close and distant hereafters. Substantiated allegations of kid maltreatment1 are responsible for 80 % of kid protection probes, and preceded out-of-home attention arrangements of at least 90 % of the current care-population ( Gough, 2000 ; Wiley, 2009 ) . For several helpless old ages, I witnessed the annihilating effects for those kids that child protection services failed. When child protection workers would describe risk-assessment consequences, I was repeatedly astonished by results, which failed to take from unhealthy place environments. Consequently, I developed an involvement in lending factors in risk- appraisal. To convey the complexness of viing factors that influence risk-assessment results, the undermentioned subdivision provides some brief background information about kid protection services and extra information around the risk-assessment procedure. Background Canada s Child, Family, and Community Services Act ( CFCS ) ( 1996 ) , is the major beginning of information that guides each state in the development, ordinance and execution of kid protection services. Recent amendments to the Canadian Criminal Code ( 1985 ) , such as the controversial ) legal duty to describe suspected child abuse/maltreatment, provide extra legal guidelines. In British Columbia ( BC ) , the Ministry of Child and Family Development ( MCFD ) , is responsible for supervising the quality and bringing of Child Protection Services. Independent agreements exist between the MCFD and 24 separate Aboriginal kid protection Agencies. National estimations suggest that on any given twenty-four hours, more than 67 000 Canadian kids ( 9.2 kids per 1000 ) will be populating in out-of-home attention ( Garrison, 2004 ; Gough, 2007 ; Trocm, Tourigny, MacLaurin, A ; Fallon, 2003 ) British Columbia`s part to this figure represents 1 % of the province`s kids, although a disproportional sum of these kids are Aboriginal2. Approximately equal Numberss of females ( 48 % ) and males ( 52 % ) live in attention scenes with a combined mean age of 9.0 old ages ( Child and Youth Officer for British Columbia, 2005 ; Connolly, 2007 ; Hardiker, Exton A ; Barker, 1991 ) . Risk-assessment and Decision Making Out-of-home attention environments chiefly refer to kinship attention ( household member ) , foster attention, and residential/group attention installations, independent or assisted life installations, and formal institutionalization ( e.g. , infirmaries or mental wellness establishments ) ( Rosen 1999 ; Trocm et Al, 2003 ; Waechtera et Al, 2009 ) . Child in short-run attention ( expecting a lasting arrangement ) consist 40 % of this population, and the staying 60 % represents kids in long-run attention arrangements ( lower limit of five uninterrupted old ages ) ( Fisher, Burraston, A ; Pears, 2005 ; Kelly A ; Milner, 1996 ; Solomon, 2002 ) . Research has identified countries of important concern associated with each of these environments, including but non limited to child ill-treatment from health professionals, isolation, unequal Foster parent showing, preparation, hapless rearing accomplishments, negative equal influences, aberrant equal bunch, and instability ( Garrison, 2004 ; Okagaki A ; Luster, 2005 ; Rosen, 1999 ; Solomon, 2002 ) . Risk-assessment refers to the determination doing procedure of kid public assistance workers look intoing the possible dangers associated with a kid s primary attention environment ( Connolly, 2007 ; Kelly A ; Milner, 1996 ) . Typically, these appraisals are intended to formalize allegations of child ill-treatment ( Gilbert et al. , 2009 ; Wiley, 2009 ) . Despite the high bets associated with each of these results, there are no mandated procedural criterion associated with the appraisal procedure. This appraisal is a mostly subjective opinion or rating of the badness of possible injury to the kid ( Drury-Hudson, 1999 ) . There are three possible results of a hazard appraisal matching to perceived badness of the hazard and age of the kid ( see Figure 1 ) . Family Development Response ( FDR ) is likely when the risk- is considered high, yet manageable through intercessions that target adult behaviors. If the hazard is moderate or higher ( and the kid is old plenty ) Youth Services Response may be considered. When the risk- is immediate, and severs, the lone available resort is to get down a kid protection probe. Child Protection: Goals Child protection services are one manner that kids s rights are enforced and upheld and to the addition the likeliness of the kid to develop the features ( personality and behavioural ) associated with success and wellbeing in maturity. The intended intent of kid protection is to safeguard kids from immediate and future injury. The focal point of most protection probes is on the attempts and ability of health professionals to supply a supportive environment that does non endanger the safety and well-being of the kid, and promotes cognitive, physical, and emotional developmental procedure ( Waechtera et al. , 2009 ) . Unfortunately, these ends seldom achieved. When compared to non-care population, research probes systematically describe kids in attention as more aggressive, antisocial and are more likely to show pathological and or job behaviors ( Chamberlain, 2003 ; Simms, Dubowitz, A ; Szilagyi, 2000 ; Rosen, 1999 ) . Additionally, kids in attention are four times as likely ( 65 % of kids in attention ) to be diagnosed with one or more clinical mental wellness status ( e.g. , Oppositional Defiance Disorder, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, A ; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ) ( Three, 2001 ; Provincial Health Officer of BC, 2001 ; Wiggins, Fenichel, A ; Mann, 2007 ) . Furthermore, kids in attention are prescribed more pharmacological interventions ( e.g. , Ritalin ) for longer periods, at higher doses ( Vitally, 2001 ) . The intent of this paper is to analyze theoretical and empirical support for the patterns associated with the risk-assessment procedure and results. Attachment Theory has been extensively applied within societal services patterns and research. Direct mentions to Attachment Theory are found throughout pattern guidelines for kid protection services. Attachment Theory Attachment Theory has traditionally been regarded as the theoretical span between early childhood development research and clinical societal work patterns ( McMillan, 1992 ) . The influence of Attachment Theory within kid protection services is permeant to the point of being identical ( Byrne, 2005 ; Haight, Kagle, A ; Black, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Attachment Theory, critical, developmental periods in the first old ages of life where the quality of a child-caregiver fond regard relationship is important for wellness development ( Bowlby, 1999 ; Bretherton, 1992 ) . Bowlby believed that the critical map of the parent-child fond regard relationship was the formation of an internal working theoretical account that formed the footing for womb-to-tomb forms of interpersonal behaviors and shaped all facets of later formed relationships ( Bacon A ; Richardson, 2001 ) . Attachment Theory and Child Protection Practices: Summary of Research It is apparent that Attachment Theory has exerted considerable influence upon kid protection patterns ( Axford, Little, Morpeth, A ; Weyts, 2005 ; Schore A ; Schore, 2008 ) . Child protection guidelines often and specifically mention to Attachment Theory when depicting theoretical support for recommended patterns ( Bacon A ; Richardson, 2001 ; Trevithick, 2000 ) . For illustration, practicians guidelines recommend that when kid public assistance workers respond to allegations of maltreatment, the risk-assessment should see the manner of the fond regard relationship between a kid and female parent, and equilibrate the effects of interrupting a unafraid fond regard against the effects of perceived risk- ( Harris, 2009 ; Simms et al. , 2000 ) . Consistent with cardinal renters of Attachment Theory, the importance of familial relationships is emphasized throughout policies and patterns, including the showing of adoptive parents ( e.g. the recommendation that kid public assistance work ers assess adoptive parent in footings of the attachment potency ) , child detention findings, curative support ( i.e. , Family focused therapy ) , and risk- appraisal ( Barth, Crea, John, Thoburn, A ; Quinton, 2005 ; Lopex, 1995 ; McMillen, 1992 ) . Moderate grounds indicates that under specific conditions, there is empirical grounds to back up appraisal of fond regard relationship ( Axford et al. , 2005 ; Byrne, OConnor, Marvin, A ; Whelan, 2005 ) . These conditions include hazard appraisal affecting babies and/or kids less than two twelvemonth of age, handiness of high quality alternative attention environment, usage of standardised fond regard steps ( i.e. , Ainsworth s Strange Situation trial ) and sufficient clip available for a lower limit of two appraisal chances ( OConnor A ; Byrne, 2007 ) . Unfortunately, there appears to be small research support for the above recommendations in all but the specific conditions described above. Recent research indicates that cardinal elements of Attachment Theory are frequently misinterpreted by practicians and unsuitably applied to state of affairss that contradict research recommended parametric quantities ( Holland, 2001 ) . No grounds links manner of fond regard with a class of action in risk- appraisal ( Barth et al. , 2005 ) . Practitioner guidelines seem to exaggerate the extent of empirical support warranting usage of attachment appraisal in high bets decision-making procedures ( Connolly, 2007 ; Trevithick, 2000 ) . Extra concerns have been raised around a concerning inclination in the attachment research to pull unsupported decisions, an erroneous usage of correlational research designs ( vs. experimental ) , inappropriate usage of appraisal methods, dismissing environmental confounds, a deficiency of respect for extra-familia l relationships, and a inclination to impute jobs to lacks in rearing ( Harris, 2009 ; Solomon, 2002 ) Final Remarks Overall, Attachment Theory is consistent with the household focal point of kid protection patterns, nevertheless, there is no grounds associating this model with improved long-run results. Reported benefits and related successes appear to happen about indiscriminately, and rare, and frequently are limited to unrealistic illustration of attention environments that in no manner stand for the much harsher world. There appears to be a demand for practician instruction to better their apprehension and reading of Attachment Theory. It appears there is besides a demand to set up standardised appraisal processs, including the development and debut of research validated assessment tool. As it presently exists, the scope, badness, and prevalence of developmental jobs noted among kids in attention, the high fiscal costs to society, the deficiency of intercession schemes, and the 20 old ages of negative growing, are undeniable grounds of our blue failure as a society to protect our most vulnerable members ( Chamberlain, 2003 ; Farruggia, Greenberger, Chen, A ; Heckhausen, 2006 ; Okagaki A ; Luster, 2005 ; Sims, Dubowitz, Szilagy, 2006 ) .

Why Shellac Isnt Vegan

Why Shellac Isn't Vegan Shellac is made from the secretions of the lac beetle and is not vegan because it comes from this small animal. The beetles secrete the resin on tree branches in Southeast Asia as a protective shell for their larvae. The males fly away, but the females stay behind. When the flakes of resin are scraped off the branches, many of the females who remain are killed or injured. Some branches are kept intact so that enough females will live to reproduce. Shellac is used in a variety of ways, including foods, furniture finishes, nail polish and other applications. In foods, shellac is often disguised as confectioners glaze on a list of ingredients and creates a shiny, hard surface on candies. Some vegans may argue that eating and harming insects isnt necessarily non-vegan - however, most still maintain not harming any living creature  as one of their core principles. Are You Still Vegan If You Eat Bugs? For vegans, harming and especially eating any creature that can feel and experience it is considered wrong - even for insects. Thats because, despite an insects nervous system being different from a mammals, they still have a nervous system and can still feel pain. Some question whether insects are capable of suffering, but its been documented that they will avoid unpleasant stimuli. However, recent scientific data suggests that an all-vegetable diet may inherently harm more animal populations because of competition for resources as well as loss of ecosystems due to commercial farming. With this new evidence, many vegans are considering switching to the more eco-friendly diet of an insectivore. Commercial farming has also led to an increased number of sentient creatures deaths because the farmers consider small animals like squirrels, rats, moles and mice pests. The key difference is that its an indirect effect of eating vegan - an argument that vegans generally point out when making this claim. How is Shellac Not Different? The resin of the lac beetle used to make shellac is sometimes called lac resin, and is produced as part of their reproductive cycle. The issue vegans have with this product - which is largely used to coat fruits and vegetables to keep them fresh and pretty - is that harvesting the natural secretion of these insects directly harms many of them.   Vegans also dont eat or use animal by-products like cheese, honey,  silk, and carmine because of the suffering commercial farming causes the animal that produces these products. For them, its not just about if the animal dies or if youre consuming the animal itself, its about the animals rights to live a life free of torture and unjust suffering. So, if you truly wish to be a full-fledged vegan, most would argue that you should avoid purchasing products known to use shellac such as mass-produced and low-quality fruits found at chain supermarkets. For vegans, its not just that youre consuming beetle secretions, your use of shellac directly harms many of these Southeast Asian insects.

ALDI case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ALDI case analysis - Essay Example For instance, the company has managed to integrate information technology in its operations improving efficiency and at the same time spending heavily on advertisements (Wells & Haglock, 2008). This one area where Aldi have failed making the company less known compared to Wal-Mart. In this case, Aldi ambitious plans to locate new stores globally should be guided more by the move of the main competitor. For instance, opening to areas where Wal-Mart has stores will open the company for competition. The competition will stimulate their growth rather than being in areas where there is no competition (Porter, 2008). According to Porters five forces model, there are factors that have likelihood of reducing the company overall productivity. Threats related to new entrants in the store line can challenge them just as Wal-Mart did. The company needs to have sound strategic plans to counter such issues. Bargaining power that the suppliers have should be countered by a variety of supplier to outsource goods. Bargaining power that buyers have should equally be countered through reduced costs to attract more customers. Threats of substitute’s goods can be countered by introducing a wide range of products (Porter,

Why is it important to pay attention in class Essay

Why is it important to pay attention in class - Essay Example Hence, instructors have a basic part in keeping learners on learning track (Driscoll 23). Regard less of the particular models of listening conduct that exist, most concur that listening or attention includes sensing, going to, deciphering, recollecting, and respond ­ing to boosts (the sights and sounds we listen to). Paying attention in classroom incorporates many things. Sensing alludes to our five faculties and the sum of the data audience members can pick up from them. The faculties of listening to and sight are most applicable to the present dialog of tuning in. When learners completely listen to anything, they first sense it by listening to it, seeing it, or both. In the classroom, there are various things learners can sense: the lawnmower outside, the two understudies talking and snickering in the back, the magnetic understudy in the following seat over, the person with the uproarious hack, and possibly the instructor. Add to the greater part of this tactile data any mental preoccupations: an alternate class in which a person may be battling, issues with money r elated help, nervousness about an approaching discourse, whats continuing throughout the weekend, issues with a beau or sweetheart, issues at work, issues with a flat mate or with family at home (Driscoll 41). Given this plenitude of accessible tangible jolts, it is clear that educators are not ensured their scholars consideration. Learners may have the capacity to sense every ­ thing, however they cant keep their concentrate on everything and thusly they must be particular in their consideration. Something must be yielded, and unless instructors are receptive to their understudies listening conduct it may be the instructors message that is disregarded. Educators ought to be mindful that consideration regarding classroom messages requires exertion and that consideration compasses are short when contrasted with the regular length of a lecture. Paying attention in classroom helps students to

United States Department of Labor Case Study Research Paper

United States Department of Labor Case Study - Research Paper Example The data available on the website was obtained through the occupational Information Network and the National Labor Exchange (U.S. Department of Labor, 2014). The OINC provides information on the skills and employment requirements for vast occupations in the US. The NLE, on the other hand, comprises of Direct Employers Association and delivers information on the job requirements of various US corporations. Thus, the website provides a reliable documentation of labor benefits in the federal government regulations. The first feature is the fact that the website is primarily about the United States department of labor. This implies that the information available on the website is all about labor and employee welfare in the United States (U.S. Department of Labor, 2014). The second feature is that the website gives an outline of all the employee benefits inclusive of their details. It clearly indicates what benefits the employees have and the conditions needed to be met for the benefit to suit the particular employee. For example, the website indicates that The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) requires that the employee’s health plan should observe a group health plan approach. The third feature is that the websites provides links to other websites that give more information related to the employee welfare. For example, some of the links provided in the website offer the reader information on the COBRA continuation coverage assistance under the American recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 among others. The fourth feature is that the website is simple and easy to understand and navigate its contents. The fifth feature is the fact that the website provides its information through other strategies such as the creation of tabs that allow the reader to navigate the various pages in the website. For example, the general arrangement of the website context favors all the audience by

My Creative Experience As A Secretary Education Essay

My Creative Experience As A Secretary Education Essay Reflection is to recapture, ponder and evaluate ones direct experience (Boud, Keogh and Walker, 1985). Reflective practice plays a significant role in promoting personal development, since it allows people to learn from their experience constantly and provides valuable enlightenment for their future life and career. In other words, profound and regular reflection is an essential condition for effective learning, and a prerequisite to continuous personal development (Boud, Cressey and Docherty, 2006). Given the importance of reflection, this essay will reflect upon my creative experience as a secretary in Vincent Villa Design. According to Hatton and Smith (2005), reflective writing can be divided into these four aspects: descriptive writing, descriptive reflection, dialogic reflection and critical reflection. This model will be employed in the following three parts of main body: In the Section 1, I will describe my creative idea generation in Vincent Villa Design, which is the combination of descriptive writing and descriptive reflection. In the Section 2, I will conduct profound analysis about the nature, sources and impact of creativity, taking my creative experience in Vincent Villa Design as example. Also, I will evaluate the quality of my creative judgment and reveal its deficiencies; as well as presenting possible alternative to improve its effect. This part can be referred to as dialogic reflection, In the Section 3, I will critically reflect upon what I have learned from this creative experience, and present its enlightenment for my future career as a manager. Evidently, critical reflection is involved in this part. Description of my creative idea generation in Vincent Villa Design Context and reason for my creativity Vincent Villa Design is a specialised decoration and design company for high-end villas in Beijing, China. I have once worked as a secretary and interpreter who handled formal documents and helped with business negotiation between designers and clients from French, Italy, Germany, India and of course, China. Despite broad sources of customers and designers, the company failed to establish a series of formal document formats. But abundant documents were involved in each villa decoration project, e.g. contracts, engineering designs, formal letters and meeting records. All these documents must be in an order and easy to review from time to time, thus ensuring smooth project progress. Therefore, I started to develop a new pattern of formulating various documents. Process of my creative idea generation Permitted by general manager, I have accomplished these four creativity procedures with the support of counsellors and designers. First, established bilingual Minutes of Meeting in single profiles. Minutes of Meeting first reported the data, time, place, topic and attendees. In addition, each aspect of discussion was listed in the table one by one. Moreover, the Minutes of Meeting were sent to all attendees and the client himself within one working day, to ensure the timeliness of information transmission. Second, designed new pattern of Decoration Contract and Design Contract with the counsellors. Since original contract had some incomplete clauses and incorrect English translations, I read it carefully and modified the diction while adding some new contract terms. Of course, I resorted to our consellor to ensure the preciseness of new contracts. Third, provided unified business letters with the watermark of our company. For instance, all the notices for property management office and the clients themselves would be in unified pattern and labeled with the watermark of our company. Redesigned by our design department, such watermark could prevent some copies of our important letters and designs, thus protecting our corporate image. Fourth, standardised all the technical terms commonly used in design papers. I translated the common terms of various design papers and entered them into computer. Each designer received such a list for reference so that their standardised terms could be understood more easily by foreign clients. Of course, they also provided kind support for my translation by explaining the meaning of some difficult terms. In addition, I also suggested that the design papers should be printed in different levels if necessary. For example, some good design papers could be published as an internal book, which could be used in preliminary contract negotiation to attract generous villa owners. Table 1 Summarisation of My Creative Practices in Vincent Villa Design Items My Creative Idea Generation in Respect to Formal Document Formats Context With the setting of a villa decoration and design company, Vincent Villa Design, this creative activity involve general manager, designers and I. Reason The company lacks standard layout of formal documents, resulting in the difficulty of reviewing and understanding important business information. My contribution established bilingual Minutes of Meeting in single profiles designed new pattern of Decoration Contract and Design Contract with the counsellor provided unified business letters with the watermark of our company. standardised all the technical terms commonly used in design papers Outcome My standardised document format ensured more smooth development of various projects, and higher satisfaction from extensive villa owners. Analysis about the nature, sources and impact of creativity: evaluating the quality of my creativity in Vincent Villa Design Taking my creative experience in Vincent Villa Design as example, the following will review some theories explaining these three dimensions of creativity: nature, sources and impact. These theories will provide solid evidence for evaluating the quality of this creative practice, revealing its deficiency and presenting a better choice. Nature of creativity Abundant management literatures have been attaching importance to the enhancement of creativity in workplaces (Villalba, 2008). For instance, Boden (2004) identifies creativity as the capability of coming up with new, astonishing and valuable ideas and artifacts. As stated by Bessant and Tidd (2007), creativity is to make and communicate meaningful new connections to provide new and unusual possibilities, different viewpoints as well as varied thinking ways, thus allowing us to generate and select alternatives. Creativity can be of a combinational, exploratory or transformational nature (Boden, 2004). Among them, combinational creativity is to combine familiar ideas in an unfamiliar and interesting manner. This can bring more surprises. Normally, the outsider is not expected to win the Derby, while ideas X and Y are not expected to be combined. In reality, they have been recognised as mutually irrelevant. Combinational creativity can be witnessed in analogy, poetic imagery, visual collage, and juxtapositions of political ideas in cartoons. Although these conjoined ideas are not originally relevant, such an interpretation builds a close or perhaps very close link between them, thus satisfying part of your surprise (Boden, 2004). In many psychological literatures, to form unfamiliar combinations are acknowledged as the only choice of creativity. However, different implications are held by exploratory and transformational creativity. For exploratory creativity, highly valued ideas or structures can be produced. It need not adopt current style in an unthinking manner but search for and test some specific stylistic limits deliberately. For instance, a painter would exhibit his lifework retrospectively through chronological arrangement of canvasses, where the vivid process of exploratory creativity can be seen before your eyes. Otherwise, such an exhibition could have been arranged by a doting family member who has less sense than money. Moreover, exploratory creativity can also vary the adopted style while testing their limits and potentials. In other words, some constraints defining the style can be tweaked or altered slightly, for instance, in the retrospective exhibition mentioned above (Boden, 2004). Different from exploratory creativity, transformational creativity varies the stylistic dimension to a higher degree. Since exploratory creativity varies original style slightly or superficially, the novel structure is still intelligible to gain immediate acceptance, instead of being rejected as absurd. But in transformational creativity, the new idea will not be accepted or even understood until many years later. For example, Les Demoiselles dAvignon by Picasso is criticised and hidden for some years before being exhibited. Despite their distinct natures, these three processes of creativity take place together in some occasions (Boden, 2004). My creative experience is a typical example of exploratory creativity. This is because I have seen the limits of original document style and tweaked it slightly. Such change is not as marked and unintelligible as that of transformational creativity, while it is not merely the simple combination of existing ideas or styles. In this sense, my creativity has accomplished the goal of a feasible exploratory creativity. As a result, standardised documents are widely used in various business links, thus contributing to the operation of a whole villa project. In addition, all the villa owners have perceived the more convenient services provided by our company. Therefore, my creative activity has realised the proper role and practical significance of exploratory creativity. Sources of creativity Baldwin and Von Hippel (2009) state that producer model can be viewed as a dominant creativity mode. In other words, producer is a source of creativity. To be specific, it has been universally acknowledged that producers would provide the most creative design for consumers via on-sale goods and services. Evidently, producers seek profit from many users, who purchase and use a design developed by the producers. Therefore, more investment in a creative design can be afforded by a producer serving many clients than any single user. In this sense, producer-developed designs are assumed to have dominant position over user-developed designs in most business fields. It is argued that the expectation of profits is the incentives for producers to create. But producers will lose these profits if their creativities can be copied easily. Then subsidies or intellectual property rights must be provided to producers so that they can control their creativities exclusively for a period of time (Baldw in and Von Hippel, 2009). However, producer is not the only source of creativity, which can also originate from user firms or individuals. Creativities by single user individuals or firms have already become two increasingly significant alternatives for creativity model. Both producer and user creativity models have a different manner to acquire economic advantages in some occasions and disadvantages in others (Lundvall, 2010). My creativity in Vincent Villa Design is just a typical example of producer-source creativity. In the process of this creative activity, I am a member of Vincent Villa Design, the producer who serves extensive villa owners to make profits. The success of my creativity practice has its root in the approval and support from general manager and colleague. Such creativities are motivated by our companys intention to gain profit and maintain good reputation. Having adopted standardised documents, our company provides better products and services to gain stronger customer satisfaction and attract a broader range of customers. Impact of creativity For past decades, both organisational researchers and change management practitioners has paid increasing attention to the antecedents, processes and outcomes of creativity in organisations (Eskildsen et al., 1999). Evans and Lindsay (1999) point out that to establish a creative organisation has been viewed as a prerequisite to business excellence. In other words, creativity can exert positive impacts on personal and organisational development. However, unexpected risks can also be induced by unsuccessful creativity, which must be taken into full account while planning a creative process. Table 1 Review about Creativity Theories Field Researchers Statements Nature of creativity Boden (2004) the capability of coming up with new, astonishing and valuable ideas and artifacts Bessant and Tidd (2007) make and communicate meaningful new connections to provide new and unusual possibilities, different viewpoints as well as varied thinking ways, thus allowing us to generate and select alternatives Boden, 2004 of a combinational, exploratory or transformational nature Sources of creativity Baldwin, C. and Von Hippel, E. (2009) Producer is a source of creativity Lundvall, B. A. (2010) The increasingly important model is user creativity. Impact of creativity Eskildsen et al., 1999 Both organisational researchers and change management practitioners has paid increasing attention to the antecedents, processes and outcomes of creativity in organisations Evans and Lindsay (1999) To establish a creative organisation has been viewed as a prerequisite to business excellence For instance, my creative document formats has allowed Vincent Villa Design to present its stance and attitude more clearly. This creative practice also promotes the communication and collaboration among general manager, colleagues and I. As stated above, the watermark used in business letters is redesigned by the design department, while some difficult terms are explained by experienced designers in our company. All these people take initiative in providing support for my creativity, thus achieving its good outcome. However, the users of our services fail to be involved in my creative process. By combining the feedback and support from producers (our company) and users (villa owners), I could have generated better effect of creative practice. And many villa owners would have perceived that their feelings and suggestions were valued. In turn, they would show stronger preference for our delicate services and recommend it to their friends. Then my creative contribution would have played a better role in enhancing our corporate image. In conclusion, the better choice is to combine the feedbacks from producers and users. Reflection on what I have learned from my and others creative contribution Kolb (1984) highlights reflection as a cyclic learning process which covers these four links such as concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation(to see the figure below). The former three stages have been interpreted in above analysis, and the following explains how I will conduct creativity practice actively in future. Source: Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning experience as a source of learning and development. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Thanks to my creative experience mentioned above, I have gained full awareness about the significance and impact of creativity. In addition, I have also perceived the fact that a successful creativity cannot be accomplished by myself only, which must rely on the combination of various personalities and abilities in a harmonious team. This provides great enlightenment for my academic year and future career. Once I am assigned to a position with greater responsibility, e.g. a manager, I will encourage all my subordinates to provide timely and distinctive advices by rewarding those active creators via subsidy or annual bonus. In other words, a good platform and atmosphere will be provided so that every team member shows intention to generate creative ideas. Furthermore, I would expand my personal relationships with managers of homogenous companies and potential clients while maintaining normal working relationships with them. More efforts will be made to improve my personality charm and management competence, thus creating a more adhesive team. Furthermore, Wallas Stage Model will be employed in my creative process. Wallas (1926) outlines that a creative process mainly covers these four stages such as preparaction, incubation, illumination and verification. Preparation is to assess the problem initially; incubation thinks about the problem unconsciously; illumination comes to an idea generated from the thinking of incubation stage; and finally, verification is to verify, adapt and optimise the idea consciously. Similar to the model by Kolb (1984), this creative process is also a benign cycle in which every stage is independent and complementary for each other. In other words, the full cycle must be completed to ensure the effectiveness of creativities. Obviously, these three stages of preparation, incubation and illumination have been involved in my creativity in Vincent Villa Design. However, I fail to incorporate verification to my creative process. This is because I have not attempted to modify the new document formats constantly to allow an experience of our surprisingly changing services. Therefore, I would conduct more critical thinking in future career as a manager, and thereby realise a benign cycle of creativity with great efforts. Conclusion This essay reflects upon my experience of establishing creative document formats in Vincent Villa Design, which can be referred to as exploratory creativity. General Manager, designers and I have been involved in this creativity, but I fail to ask villa owners for their advices in advance. Better alternative for my creativity is to combine producer creativity and user creativity, i.e. seeking feedback and help from both colleagues and clients. Such reflection allows me to gain a broader sight into my creative contribution and learn more for my future career as a manager. I would build formal working relationships and personal friendships with my subordinates, homogenous service providers and the most importantly, customers. National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (NACCCE, 1999) reported these four chracteristics of creative process: imaginative to generate something original; purposeful to put imagination into practice for some targets; produce original ideas related to ones own and others previous work or output in some specific field; create values for a particular objective by generating ideas and deciding the most appropriate one. Therefore, I would make all attempts at accomplishing a benign cycle of imaginative, purposeful, original and valuable creativities. In my future career as a manager, Kolb learning cycle and Wallas Stage Model will be adopted to enhance my creative management competency.

The Use of Hesse Siddhartha to Reflect the Legendary Atmosphere of Budd

The Use of Hesse Siddhartha to Reflect the Legendary Atmosphere of Buddha "Siddhartha" is one of the names of the historical Gautama, and the life of Hesse's character resembles that of his historical counterpart to some extent. Siddhartha is by no means a fictional life of Buddha, but it does contain numerous references to Buddha’s philosophies and his teachings. Although Hesse’s Siddhartha is not intended to portray the life of Gautama the Buddha but he used the name and many other attributed to reflect the legendary atmosphere and the pattern of his heroes transformation. Shakyamuni, known in his youth as Siddhartha Gautama, was a prince who became aware of and profoundly troubled by the problems of human suffering. According to religious scriptures Siddhartha renounced his prince hood at the age of 19 and pursued the life of a religious mendicant from which he rejected both extremes of the mortification of the flesh and of hedonism as paths toward the state of Nirvana. After 11 years of ascetic practices and deep meditation, at the age of 30, he finally realized the truth that would emancipate mankind from their suffering, and he became a Buddha. All the teachings of Shakyamuni were recorded giving rise to a vast array of sutras or scriptures. The Buddha can in no way be described as a transcendental or supreme being. â€Å"Buddha† means the enlightened one; a Buddha is a person who perceives within his own life the essence, or reality of life itself. Unlike other religious philosophies or systems of religious thought, Buddhism makes no clear distinction between divinity and humanity. Its teachings enable people to attain enlightenment, to become Buddhas themselves. This ultimate reality supports and nourishes humanity, and all other living beings. Those who have perceived this ultimate reality inherent in their own lives truly know themselves, they are Buddhas. (Introduction to Buddhism) The basic teaching of Buddha is formulated in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. Preceding from the premise that suffering exists and that a release from it must be found, Buddha constructed his system. The First Noble Truth is to be understood, the universality of suffering. The Second Truth is to be abandoned, the desire to have and control things that cause suffering. The third truth is to be made visible, the supreme truth and final liberation of Nirvana... ...is world. He realizes that this had to come, so that he would no longer fight what he considered fate, but gave himself unreservedly to his destiny, thus Siddhartha has overcome suffering at last, and with it has attained the last step of his contemplation. He has entered Nirvana, peace has finally come to Siddhartha at last. When it is asked of Siddhartha to show the wonders of enlightenment his efforts to express that he has found the way in words are doomed, since the way within for one individual defies formulation for another, for simply expressed â€Å"knowledge can be imparted, but not wisdom†. (Field) Field, George W Herman Hesse Boston: Twayne Pub., 1970 â€Å"Introduction To Buddhism† SGI-USA www.sgi-usa/buddhism/introtobuddhism.html Malthaner, Johannes. World Literature Criticism James P Draper, ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research Comp., 1992. Otten, Anna. Hesse Companion. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1977. Robinson, B.A. â€Å"Buddhism† Religious Tolerance www.religoustolerance.org/buddhism.htm (5 Mar 2001) Rose, Enrst. â€Å"Faith From the Abyss† Contemporary Literature Criticism. Riley, Carolyn. Vol. #1. Detroit: Gale Research Comp. 1973, 145.

Patient X Essay

Patient X’s doctor has been trying to convince him to practice better lifestyle habits to for several years to help combat his hypertension (on antihypertensive medication for 3 years), diabetes (6 years) and growing waistline. A recent routine check-up revealed a deterioration of his lipid profile (TC 260, TG 310, HDL 29, LDL 170) and fasting glucose of 172. Patient X is 55 years old, weighs 245 lbs and he is 5’10 . 1) Hypertension: Weight control to lower the risks associated with hypertension include a diet low in sodium and high in potassium. The risk of hypertension is lower when salt intake is lower and potassium helps reduce blood pressure by increasing the amount of sodium excreted in the urine. The DASH eating plan is the best option for maintaining hypertension. Physical activity is also a major lifestyle modification that should be adopted. Engaging in regular aerobic physical activity such as a brisk walk will lower the risk of hypertension. Diabetes: A diet to help control diabetes also focuses on weight management. Low glycemic index diets have been shown to reduce complications associated with diabetes. Exercise is also a key factor to controlling diabetes. A 3-5 days of the week exercise, which focuses on caloric expenditure and duration rather than intensity, has been proven to increase insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. *Exercise can reduce other risk factors such as weight control, lipid profile, and hypertension. Lipid Profile: Elevated triglycerides are best treated with increased physical activity and weight reduction. Aerobic exercise, weight reduction, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol consumption will favorably affect HDL-C and lower LDL-C. After comparing these three aspects, it is easy to see that a diet focused on weight management, smoking cessation, and physical activity involving aerobic exercise will greatly lower Patient X’s risk factors for hypertension and diabetes. 2) Suggesting that Patient X begin the DASH diet would be the first place to start. The DASH diet includes an easy-to-use chart which helps plan menus. It also includes items that people generally like to eat, just in less moderation and with more fruit and vegetables. To help Patient X quit smoking, there are prescriptions or over the counter patches that will allow cessation. There are also therapy groups that Patient X could try if addiction proved to be too great. Exercising with someone, a friend or significant other is always easier than exercising alone. I would suggest that Patient X find an exercise buddy and possibly start a gym membership. If they feel this isn’t the right choice for them, then even walking around their block for 30 minutes allows some form of aerobic exercise in their life. After 6 months I would expect to see a lower blood pressure if Patient X had indeed been participating in physical activity. Improvement in blood pressure among hypertensive, takes effect within the first few weeks. I would also expect to see major improvement in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides if the proper diet was maintained. I would also expect to see an increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. A drop in BMI will also be indicated.

Marketing Environment Forces

Marketing Environment Forces Introduction Marketing environment is a term used to refer to the forces outside of marketing which have an influence on the marketing manager’s ability to create and maintain a healthy relationship with the customers he is targeting. In other words, these forces affect the demand and supply of goods and services. In this write up, focus is given on three marketing forces namely economic, competitive and socio-cultural forces.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Environment Forces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic forces These refer to prosperity, recession, depression and recovery life cycles and how they affect the consumption of a product. In any circumstance, what determines whether the consumer will use that product is whether he has the ability to purchase it. This makes economic factors key determinants or a key environmental force and the most fundamental force affecting marketing of a co mmodity. Factors like employment, rate of inflation, interest rates, fiscal and monetary policies also fall under this category even though they are intricately intertwined and they eventually affect the business’ marketing activities by determining the amount of demand for the firm’s products (Franke, Hofstede Bond, 1991). How can the marketer use economic odds to his advantage? Depending on how all the economic factors are addressed by the firm, they can be either an opportunity or a threat to the firm. For instance, discount stores and fast food points do better in a down economy as opposed to a vibrant and strong economy where people search for healthier foods. Organizations will therefore need to review how economic conditions will impact on their businesses and respond appropriately. A successful marketer has to anticipate and visualize these economic factors and use them to his advantage. The focus is to get the maximum benefits at the minimum costs possible. O ften in such circumstances as downturns and recessions, there will be high unemployment, low purchasing power, and therefore low demand for products. The strategic marketer can plan to offer more value for the same or lower price than the competitor. He can increase advertising and utilize technology in cost reduction (Porter, 2008). The marketer will become a resource by providing information and tools which are needed by the prospects. Competitive forces Before looking at the competitive forces themselves, it is important to understand the competitive structures. They include monopoly where there is only one marketer in the market place, oligopoly where there are few marketers- say three or four, perfect competition where competitors are of equal strength and equal access to market, and eventually monopolistic competition where there are many marketers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The monopolistic competition is the most common and marketers have to work to ensure that consumers choose their commodities and not those of their competitors (Lee, 1966). Michael E. Porter classified the forces into five categories, namely the intensity of competitive rivalry, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitute products and the bargaining power of customers (Porter, 1979). The intensity of rivalry is caused by a large number of firms competing for the same customers and resources, slow market growth that causes firms to fight for the market share, high fixed costs that cause the firms to produce at near capacity and high storage costs or high perishability that cause the producer to sell as soon as possible. Low switching cost where the customer can very easily switch, and low levels of product differentiation usually have the same impact on the marketing. If the strategic stakes are high, they intensify rivalry. When there are high exit ba rriers, it is another way of saying that the firm must stay and compete. The diversity of rivals where it is very difficult to predict the behavior of rivals can mean that any time rivalry can intensify. Other factors on rivalry are level of advertising expense, competitive strategy of each and competition between online and also offline firms (Porter, 2008). Porter’s second category is threat of substitutes. In this, reference is being given to products in other industries. Price elasticity is determined by substitute products. For instance, in the tire industry for cars, pricing may be constrained by the presence of retreads because they are substitutes. There is therefore competition arising from substitutes as opposed to rivals. In simple terms the buyer’s propensity to switch to alternatives is an important consideration. It can be influenced by switching costs, product differentiation, number of substitutes available and relative price performance of the substitu te (Porter, 2008). Another force is the buyer power. Here the buyer is the reference and the one who determines the prices. For instance economists talk of monopsony when there are many sellers but only one buyer. In such a case, the buyer is the one who sets the price. Other issues affecting the buyer are buyer sensitivity to price, switching cost, information availability, degree of dependency on the current channels of distribution and buyer volume.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Environment Forces specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supplier power is another competitive force. A supplier is said to be powerful when he can influence the producing industry. Suppliers are powerful when it is difficult for producers to switch suppliers and are weak when there are many competitive suppliers. Threat of new entrants as a competitive force comes in especially when there are no barriers to entry in an industry. I t is not very common especially if there are several well established firms. Other than presence of powerful firms other barriers to entry are government regulation, patents and proprietary knowledge and economies of scale. How can marketers help in facing such forces? When the firm is faced with some or all of these forces, the marketer can take both external and internal measures to jockey for a more favorable position. One of the things he/she can do is to understand the company’s strengths and weaknesses. The company can choose to influence the balance before they negatively affect it. A company can devise a strategy that takes the offensive. This posture is designed to do more than merely cope with the forces themselves; it is meant to alter their causes instead. The company can also exploit the changes in the industry through staking out a position that is less vulnerable to attack from head-to-head opponents, whether established or new, and less vulnerable to erosion f rom the direction of buyers, suppliers, and substitute goods (John Steven, 1983). This it can do through solidifying good relationships with good customers through marketing and establishing technological leadership so as to be on the advantage of new changes. Social-cultural forces These are societal factors that impact on any marketing aspect, either making it easier or challenging. They could relate to language, family, reference groups, roles and status, values and attitudes, religion, morals, education, prioritizing of wants current social trends and many more. All these affect the preferences, perceptions and behavior. For instance, a company that focuses on exercise equipment and low calorie foods when there is a trend of weight loss is likely to sell more. Language for instance will influence the way an advertisement is perceived.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some checklist questions a marketer can ask himself on the social cultural factors are: What is the dominant religion? How does the language of the customers influence the diffusion of the products? How much time do consumers create for leisure? What is the opinion and attitudes towards my type of product and also the company (Adler Mortimer, 1981)? These questions among many others will help a marketer know what issues to address, especially on the advertisement part. Advertisements are meant to create or change an impression among potential buyers. The marketer will therefore align his marketing strategies towards creating a lasting favorable impression among his potential clientele. For instance on religion, the marketing department can promote products that show regard to the religious beliefs like banks that offer Sharia products for Muslims. Most firms try as much as they can to have products that will sell more to the bigger section of the society in regard to any social fac tor since it is difficult to offer a product that satisfies everybody. The marketer should therefore be able to evaluate the quarters that will generate maximum revenue. When the marketing department works hand in hand with the production and other departments, they can create a product that gains favor among consumers while the marketing department creates brand loyalty through product promotion. The firm can take advantage of the socio-cultural factors in creating brand loyalty (Franke, Hofstede Bond, 1991). Conclusion Marketers should perform a SWOT analysis to be able to understand their companies in terms of their abilities and weaknesses first before hitting the market for campaigns. In spite of all the unfavorable forces that are present in their business arena, they should struggle to use the forces to their advantage. However, before entering a market they should also conduct a PEST (political, economic, socio-cultural and technological) survey so that they understand the market and operate in a market they are sure to have less difficulties. References Adler, T. and Mortimer, J. (1981). Six great ideas. Journal of Marketing Management, 23, 12-17. Franke, R. H., Hofstede, G. and Bond M. H. (1991). Cultural roots of economic performance: A research note. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 165-173. John, R. H. and Steven, M. S. (1983). The indicators of a friendly market: Marketing Science, 2(4), 319-360 Lee, J. A. (1966). Cultural analysis in overseas operations. Harvard Business Review, 44(2), 106 114. Porter, M. E. (1979). How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 14, 3-15. Porter, M. E. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard business Review, 35, 45-66.

Sacbe, the Ancient Maya Road System

Sacbe, the Ancient Maya Road System A sacbe (sometimes spelled zac be and pluralized as sacbeob or zac beob) is the Mayan word for the linear architectural features connecting communities throughout the Maya world. Sacbeob functioned as roads, walkways, causeways, property lines, and dikes. The word sacbe translates to stone road or white road but clearly sacbeob had layers of additional meanings to the Maya, as mythological routes, pilgrimage pathways, and concrete markers of political or symbolic connections between city centers. Some sacbeob are mythological, subterranean routes and some trace celestial pathways; evidence for these roadways are reported in Maya myths and colonial records. Finding the Sacbeob Identifying the routes of the sacbe on the ground has been extremely difficult until recently  when techniques such as radar imaging, remote sensing, and GIS became widely available. Of course,  Maya historians remain an important source of information for these ancient roadways. The issue is complex, ironically enough, because there are written records that contradict one another. Several of the sacbe have been identified archaeologically, many others are still unknown but have been reported in colonial period documents such as the Books of Chilam Balam. In my research for this article, I did not discover any explicit discussions on how old the sacbeob are  but based on the ages of the connecting cities, they were functioning at least as early as the Classic period (AD 250-900). Functions In addition to simply roadways that facilitated movement between places, researchers Folan and Hutson argue that sacbeob were visual representations of economic and political connections between centers and their satellites, conveying the concepts of power and inclusion. Causeways may have been used in processions that emphasized this idea of community. One function described in recent scholarly literature is the role of the sacbe road system in the Maya market network. The exchange system of the Maya kept the far-flung (and very loosely connected) communities in touch  and made it possible both to trade goods and make and sustain political connections. Market centers with central locations and associated causeways include Coba, Maax Na, Sayil, and Xunantunich. Deities and Sacbeob Maya deities associated with roadways include Ix Chel in several of her manifestations. One is Ix Zac Beeliz or she who walks the white road. In a mural at Tulum, Ix Chel is shown carrying two small images of the Chaac god as she is walking along a mythological or real roadway. The deity Chiribias (Ix Chebel Yax or the Virgin of Guadalupe) and her husband Itzam Na are sometimes associated with roads, and the legend of the Hero Twins includes a journey through the underworld along several sacbeob. From Cob to Yaxuna The longest known sacbe is the one that stretches 100 kilometers (62 miles) between the Maya centers of Cob and Yaxuna on the Yucatn Peninsula of Mexico, called the Yaxuna-Cob causeway or Sacbe 1. Along Sacbe 1s east-west course are water holes (dzonot), steles with inscriptions and several small Maya communities. Its roadbed measures approximately 8 meters (26 feet) wide and typically 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, with various ramps and platforms alongside. Sacbe 1 was stumbled into by early twentieth century explorers, and rumors of the road became known to the Carnegie Institution archaeologists working at  Cob  by the early 1930s. Its entire length was mapped by Alfonso Villa Rojas and Robert Redfield in the mid-1930s. Recent investigations by Loya Gonzalez and Stanton (2013) suggest that the sacbes main purpose may have been to connect Cob to the large market centers of Yaxuna and, later,  Chichà ©n Itz, in order to better control trade throughout the peninsula. Other Sacbe Examples The Tzacauil sacbe is a solid rock causeway, which starts at the Late Preclassic acropolis of Tzacauil and ends just short of the large center of Yaxuna. Varying in width between 6 and 10 meters, and in height between 30 and 80 centimeters, this sacbes roadbed includes some crudely cut facing stones. From Cob to Ixil, 20 kilometers in length, is a noh be followed and described in the 1970s by Jacinto May Hau, Nicolas Caamal Canche, Teoberto May Chimal, Lynda Florey Folan and William J. Folan. This 6-meter wide sacbe crosses a marshy area and includes numerous small and large ramps. Close to Coba was a fairly large platform next to a vaulted building, which the Maya guides referred to as a customs house or  way station. This road may have defined the boundaries of Cobas urban area and region of power. From Ich Caan Ziho through  Akà ©Ã‚  to Itzmal, is a sacbe approximately 60 km in length, of which only a portion is in evidence. Described by Ruben Maldonado Cardenas in the 1990s, a network of roads still used today leads from Ake to Itzmal. Sources Bolles D, and Folan WJ. 2001.  An analysis of roads listed in colonial dictionaries and their relevance to pre-hispanic linear features in the Yucatan peninsula.  Ancient Mesoamerica  12(02):299-314. Folan WJ, Hernandez AA, Kintz ER, Fletcher LA, Heredia RG, Hau JM, and Canche N. 2009.  Coba, Quintana Roo, Mexico: A Recent Analysis of the Social, Economic and Political Organization of a Major Maya Urban Center.  Ancient Mesoamerica  20(1):59-70. Hutson SR, Magnoni A, and Stanton TW. 2012.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"All that is solid†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : Sacbes, settlement, and semiotics at Tzacauil, Yucatan.  Ancient Mesoamerica  23(02):297-311. Loya Gonzlez T, and Stanton TW. 2013.  Impacts of politics on material culture: evaluating the Yaxuna-Coba sacbe.  Ancient Mesoamerica  24(1):25-42. Shaw LC. 2012.  The elusive Maya marketplace: An archaeological consideration of the evidence.  Journal of Archaeological Research  20:117-155.

Globalization or denationalization summary Essay

Globalization or denationalization summary - Essay Example There an increasing pressure for the IMF and US government for the implementation of both monetary and fiscal policies that comprise of global markets. 1. The subnational: a site for globalization Study of globalization entails both focusing global in scale and also locally scaled processes and conditions that are articulated within the global dynamics. It is essential to focus on the multiple cross-border connections that are aided by the reoccurrence of numerous conditions across localities. For instance, the global capital markets consist of both electronic markets that are global and locally conditions like financial centers that provide the infrastructure and trust systems for the global capital markets to function (Sassen p 1).Focusing on sub-national practices and globalization requires theories and methodologies that engage in both global scale and sub-national scale. Study of globalization under sub-national processes offers some advantages, but is challenging since it entai ls the use of both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. However, its provides the basis for utilization of sub-national and national data, but the studies must occur within the conceptual architectures of the researchers of such techniques and data sets since such data and conceptual framework was not geared to study of globalization. ... issue is the circuits that constitute political and economic globalization since a focus of places leads to demonstration of globalization in terms of several cross-border circuits depending on location of the place. Global cities are sub-national places whereby multiple global activities take place thus positioning such cities as structured cross-border geographies. For instance, circuits connecting Sao Paulo to global networks are different from those of other global cities like Frankfurt and Bombay. Increased economic transactions in older hegemonic cities like New York, Mexico City as well as emerging geographies like Shanghai that has a increasing cross-border transactions usually deviates from the concept of globalisation that is based on international trade, global markets and international institutions (Sassen p 4). The second aspect is the role of technology since firms and financial institutions use new technologies attain a global span. Surprisingly, resource-deficient fir ms can use new technology to become a microenvironment with a global presence thus dispelling the notion that physical proximity is a characteristic of local or nation. In deed, a reconceptualization of local is the notion that local scales form part of a nested hierarchy of scale from local to regional and finally international must be rejected. The third issue that arises is the interaction of the global dynamics and various aspects of national states since global is partially embedded in to national. The above three issues attest the fact that nationalism is inadequate due to transboundary dynamics some specific structuring of global within national requires special denationalization of some aspects of the national (Sassen p 5). 2. The devastating of older hierarchies of scale Some

A letter to University Program Leader for an enquery Essay

A letter to University Program Leader for an enquery - Essay Example n thrown into uncertainty by the fact that the structure of my academic program will change from a 15 credits module to a 20 credits module in the September semester. This change is going to affect my study schedule since it is likely to raise the number of credits required for a complete semester and I may end up with fewer modules completed. In March, I made enquiries with the E-learning team on when and what modules would be available for enrolment in the April Semester and I was notified to take two modules in Biological Psychology and Social psychology even though I was aware that the semester had three level 4 modules on offer; Biological, Social and Developmental Psychology. Following the unsatisfactory response that I received from the E-learning team, I contacted the E-learning team for the second time, enquiring for the possibility of adding Developmental Psychology to my program for the Semester beginning April 2012. In response, the E-learning team informed me that the program leader would not allow me to take three modules, leaving me with the unfavorable option of taking the two modules that the program leader advised. However, at the beginning of my Second Semester in mid April, I realized that some students who started in January were taking three modules (Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology) for the January Semester. I sought the advice of the program leader and the E-learning team again but did not get any responses and so I had to proceed with the two modules. In the period April to June, I frequently contacted the program leader and the E-learning team to allow me takes the third module without much breakthrough. The E-learning team later informed me that the program leader would not allow me take the third module since the Semester was just four weeks away from the assessment date and so he advised me to wait for a few more weeks when I would obtain my new study pathway. I have since received my study plan